Ludlow, DK
1991
Interaction of Sodium, Sulfur, and Silica During Coal Combustion
Erickson, T.A.; Ludlow, D.K. and Benson, S.A.
Energy & Fuels, 5:539-547, 1991. Funded by Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center.
The interaction of sodium, sulfur, and silica at conditions typical in a pulverized coal furnace was investigated by using both model mixtures and a synthetic coal. The model mixtures consisted of selected inorganic constituents that were well mixed in proportions typically found in low-rank coal. The synthetic coal consisted of a furfuryl alcohol polymer with appropriate amounts of sodium, sulfur, and silica to duplicate the characteristics of low-rank coal. The model mixtures and synthetic coal were burned in a laminar flow (drop-tube) furnace at 900º, 1100º, 1300º, and 1500º C and residence times of 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.4s. The resulting char and fly ash particles were quickly quenched, collected, and analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine size and composition. Results indicated that the formation of sodium silicates is favored by higher temperatures and longer residence times. Thermodynamic calculations and the model mixture studies indicated above 1100º C there is little interference in the formation of sodium silicates by sodium sulfates. In the synthetic coal studies, sodium sulfate particles were detected on the surface of the larger sodium silicate fly ash particles formed at lower temperatures. The size and prevalence of the sodium sulfate particles decreases as temperature was increased. Fly ash particle formation was characterized by fragmentation followed by coalescence. Fragmentation was more prevalent at higher temperatures and smaller fly ash particles were formed. Larger particles were formed at lower temperatures, indicating more complete coalescence with some cenosphere formation.
Ludlow, DK
1991
Interaction of Sodium, Sulfur, and Silica During Coal Combustion
Erickson, T.A.; Ludlow, D.K. and Benson, S.A.
Energy & Fuels, 5:539-547, 1991. Funded by Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center.
The interaction of sodium, sulfur, and silica at conditions typical in a pulverized coal furnace was investigated by using both model mixtures and a synthetic coal. The model mixtures consisted of selected inorganic constituents that were well mixed in proportions typically found in low-rank coal. The synthetic coal consisted of a furfuryl alcohol polymer with appropriate amounts of sodium, sulfur, and silica to duplicate the characteristics of low-rank coal. The model mixtures and synthetic coal were burned in a laminar flow (drop-tube) furnace at 900º, 1100º, 1300º, and 1500º C and residence times of 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.4s. The resulting char and fly ash particles were quickly quenched, collected, and analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine size and composition. Results indicated that the formation of sodium silicates is favored by higher temperatures and longer residence times. Thermodynamic calculations and the model mixture studies indicated above 1100º C there is little interference in the formation of sodium silicates by sodium sulfates. In the synthetic coal studies, sodium sulfate particles were detected on the surface of the larger sodium silicate fly ash particles formed at lower temperatures. The size and prevalence of the sodium sulfate particles decreases as temperature was increased. Fly ash particle formation was characterized by fragmentation followed by coalescence. Fragmentation was more prevalent at higher temperatures and smaller fly ash particles were formed. Larger particles were formed at lower temperatures, indicating more complete coalescence with some cenosphere formation.