Hamblen, DG
1994
Fossil-Fuel Conversion - Measurement and Modeling
Solomon, P.R.; Serio, M.A.; Hamblen, D.G.; Smoot, L.D.; Brewster, B.S. and Radulovic, P.T.
Proceedings of the Coal-Fired Power Systems 94 - Advances in IGCC and PFBC Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 1994. Funded by US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The main objective of this program is to understand the chemical and physical mechanisms in coal conversion processes and incorporate this technology for the purposes of development, evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. To accomplish this objective, this program will: 1) provide critical data on the physical and chemical processes in fossil fuel gasifiers and combustors; 2) further develop a set of comprehensive codes; and 3) apply these codes to model various types of combustors and gasifiers (fixed-bed transport reactor, and fluidized-bed for coal and gas turbines for natural gas).
To expand the utilization of coal, it is necessary to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in operating a feedstock which is highly variable and which sometimes exhibits unexpected and unwanted behavior. Reducing the risks can be achieved by establishing the technology to predict a coal's behavior in a process. This program is creating this predictive capability by merging technology developed at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in predicting coal devolatilization behavior with technology developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for modeling of entrained-bed and fixed-bed reactors and technology developed at the U.S. DOE-METC in comprehensive computer codes for fluidized-bed reactors. These advanced technologies will be further developed to provide: 1) a fixed-bed model capable of predicting combustion and gasification of large coal particles, 2) a transport reactor model, 3) a model for lean premixed combustion of natural gas, and 4) an improved fluidized-bed code with an advanced coal devolatilization chemistry submodel.
1993
User's Manual for 93-PCGC-2:Pulverized Coal Gasification and Combustion Model (2-Dimensional) with Generalized Coal Reactions Submodel FG-DVC
Brewster, B.S.; Boardman, R.D.; Huque, Z.; Berrondo, S.K.; Eaton, A.M.; Smoot, L.D.; Zhao, Y.; Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Charpenay, S.; Best, P.E. and Yu, Z.-Z.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. II, 1993. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
A two-dimensional, steady-state model for describing a variety of reactive and non-reactive flows, including pulverized coal combustion and gasification, is presented. Recent code revisions and additions are described. The model, referred to as 93-PCGC-2, is applicable to cylindrical, axi-symmetric systems. Turbulence is accounted for in both the fluid mechanics equations and the combustion scheme. Radiation from gases, walls, and particles is taken into account using a discrete ordinates method. The particle phase is modeled in a Lagrangian framework, such that mean paths of particle groups are followed. A new coal-general devolatilization submodel (FG-DVC) with coal swelling and char reactivity submodels has been added. The heterogeneous reaction scheme allows for both diffusion and chemical reaction. Major gas-phase reactions are modeled assuming local instantaneous equilibrium, and thus the reaction rates are limited by the turbulent rate of mixing. A thermal and fuel NOx finite rate chemistry submodel is included which integrates chemical kinetics and the statistics of the turbulence. A sorbent injection submodel with sulfur capture is included. The gas phase is described by elliptic partial differential equations that are solved by an iterative line-by-line technique. Under-relaxation is used to achieve numerical stability. Both combustion and gasification environments are permissible. User information and theory are presented, along with sample problems.
Measurement and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. I, 1993. (Also presented at the Coal-fired power systems 93 Conference, Morgantown, WV, June 1993.) Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center. (This report is available from Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.)
This project included research in the following areas: (1) fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; (2) large particle oxidation at high pressures; (3) SOx-NOx submodel development; (3) integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; (4) comprehensive fixed-bed modeling, review, development, evaluation and implementation; (5) generalized fuels feedstock submodel; (6) application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code and (7) application of fixed-bed code.
User's Manual for FBED-1: Fixed Bed Coal Combustion and Gasification Model with a Generalized Coal Devolatilization Submodel (FG-DVC)
Ghani, M.U.; Hobbs, M.L.; Radulovic, P.T.; Smoot, L.D.; Hamblen, D.G. and Zho, Y.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. III, 1993. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
A generalized, one-dimensional, heterogeneous, steady state, fixed-bed model for gasification and combustion of coal is presented. The model, referred to as FBED-1, is a design and analysis tool that can be used to simulate a variety of fixed or moving bed gasification, combustion, and devolatilization processes. The model considers separate gas and solid temperatures, axially variable solid and gas flow rates, variable bed void fraction, coal drying, devolatilization based on chemical functional group composition, depolymerization, vaporization and crosslinking, oxidation and gasification of char, and partial equilibrium in the gas phase. The conservation equations and boundary conditions are formulated for gas and solid overall continuity, gas and solid energy equations, and gas and solid species or elemental continuity equations. Plug flow is assumed in both the solid and the gas phase with variable axial velocities. Gas phase pressure drop is calculated with the Ergun equation for packed beds. Large coal particle devolatilization is allowed to occur simultaneously with char oxidation and gasification. A generalized, coal devolatilization submodel, FG-DFC, is an important part of the model. Shell progressive or ash segregation, shrinking core char submodel describes oxidation and gasification. Turbulence is not treated formally in the slowly moving bed with low gas velocity, but is included implicitly through model correlations such as the effective heat transfer coefficient. A split, back-and-forth iteration and a Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, LSODE, are used to solve a highly non-linear, stiff system of differential governing equations. Model formulation and solution method are presented, along with user and implementation guides and a sample problem.
1992
Comprehensive Fixed-Bed Modeling, Review, Development, Evaluation, and Implementation
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
21st, 22nd, and 23rd Quarterly Reports for the US Department of Energy, 1992. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal, a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. This program is merging significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation is being implemented and the technology was expanded to fixed-bed reactors. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model has been integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor mode, PCGC-2, which is a widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: 1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, 2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and 3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a "workstation" environment.
1991
Measurements and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes: Fixed-Bed Coal Gasification Modeling
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
Contractors Review Meeting, Morgantown, WV, August 1991. Funded by Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is to understand the chemical and physical mechanisms in coal conversion processes and incorporate this knowledge in computer-aided reactor engineering technology for the purposes of development, evaluation, design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. To accomplish this objective, the study will: establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, evaluate these models, and apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines.
Measurement and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
5th Annual Report for the US Department of Energy, 1991. Funded by Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. This program will merge significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation will be implemented and the technology will be expanded to fixed-bed reactors.
The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: i) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, ii) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and iii) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a "workstation" environment. Success in this program will be a major step in improving the predictive capabilities for coal conversion processes including: demonstrated accuracy and reliability and a generalized "first principles" treatment of coals based on readily obtained composition data. The progress during the fifth year of the program is summarized in the document.
Hamblen, DG
1994
Fossil-Fuel Conversion - Measurement and Modeling
Solomon, P.R.; Serio, M.A.; Hamblen, D.G.; Smoot, L.D.; Brewster, B.S. and Radulovic, P.T.
Proceedings of the Coal-Fired Power Systems 94 - Advances in IGCC and PFBC Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 1994. Funded by US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The main objective of this program is to understand the chemical and physical mechanisms in coal conversion processes and incorporate this technology for the purposes of development, evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. To accomplish this objective, this program will: 1) provide critical data on the physical and chemical processes in fossil fuel gasifiers and combustors; 2) further develop a set of comprehensive codes; and 3) apply these codes to model various types of combustors and gasifiers (fixed-bed transport reactor, and fluidized-bed for coal and gas turbines for natural gas).
To expand the utilization of coal, it is necessary to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in operating a feedstock which is highly variable and which sometimes exhibits unexpected and unwanted behavior. Reducing the risks can be achieved by establishing the technology to predict a coal's behavior in a process. This program is creating this predictive capability by merging technology developed at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in predicting coal devolatilization behavior with technology developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for modeling of entrained-bed and fixed-bed reactors and technology developed at the U.S. DOE-METC in comprehensive computer codes for fluidized-bed reactors. These advanced technologies will be further developed to provide: 1) a fixed-bed model capable of predicting combustion and gasification of large coal particles, 2) a transport reactor model, 3) a model for lean premixed combustion of natural gas, and 4) an improved fluidized-bed code with an advanced coal devolatilization chemistry submodel.
1993
User's Manual for 93-PCGC-2:Pulverized Coal Gasification and Combustion Model (2-Dimensional) with Generalized Coal Reactions Submodel FG-DVC
Brewster, B.S.; Boardman, R.D.; Huque, Z.; Berrondo, S.K.; Eaton, A.M.; Smoot, L.D.; Zhao, Y.; Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Charpenay, S.; Best, P.E. and Yu, Z.-Z.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. II, 1993. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
A two-dimensional, steady-state model for describing a variety of reactive and non-reactive flows, including pulverized coal combustion and gasification, is presented. Recent code revisions and additions are described. The model, referred to as 93-PCGC-2, is applicable to cylindrical, axi-symmetric systems. Turbulence is accounted for in both the fluid mechanics equations and the combustion scheme. Radiation from gases, walls, and particles is taken into account using a discrete ordinates method. The particle phase is modeled in a Lagrangian framework, such that mean paths of particle groups are followed. A new coal-general devolatilization submodel (FG-DVC) with coal swelling and char reactivity submodels has been added. The heterogeneous reaction scheme allows for both diffusion and chemical reaction. Major gas-phase reactions are modeled assuming local instantaneous equilibrium, and thus the reaction rates are limited by the turbulent rate of mixing. A thermal and fuel NOx finite rate chemistry submodel is included which integrates chemical kinetics and the statistics of the turbulence. A sorbent injection submodel with sulfur capture is included. The gas phase is described by elliptic partial differential equations that are solved by an iterative line-by-line technique. Under-relaxation is used to achieve numerical stability. Both combustion and gasification environments are permissible. User information and theory are presented, along with sample problems.
Measurement and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. I, 1993. (Also presented at the Coal-fired power systems 93 Conference, Morgantown, WV, June 1993.) Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center. (This report is available from Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.)
This project included research in the following areas: (1) fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; (2) large particle oxidation at high pressures; (3) SOx-NOx submodel development; (3) integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; (4) comprehensive fixed-bed modeling, review, development, evaluation and implementation; (5) generalized fuels feedstock submodel; (6) application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code and (7) application of fixed-bed code.
User's Manual for FBED-1: Fixed Bed Coal Combustion and Gasification Model with a Generalized Coal Devolatilization Submodel (FG-DVC)
Ghani, M.U.; Hobbs, M.L.; Radulovic, P.T.; Smoot, L.D.; Hamblen, D.G. and Zho, Y.
US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Advanced Fuel Research/Brigham Young University Final Contract Report, Vol. III, 1993. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
A generalized, one-dimensional, heterogeneous, steady state, fixed-bed model for gasification and combustion of coal is presented. The model, referred to as FBED-1, is a design and analysis tool that can be used to simulate a variety of fixed or moving bed gasification, combustion, and devolatilization processes. The model considers separate gas and solid temperatures, axially variable solid and gas flow rates, variable bed void fraction, coal drying, devolatilization based on chemical functional group composition, depolymerization, vaporization and crosslinking, oxidation and gasification of char, and partial equilibrium in the gas phase. The conservation equations and boundary conditions are formulated for gas and solid overall continuity, gas and solid energy equations, and gas and solid species or elemental continuity equations. Plug flow is assumed in both the solid and the gas phase with variable axial velocities. Gas phase pressure drop is calculated with the Ergun equation for packed beds. Large coal particle devolatilization is allowed to occur simultaneously with char oxidation and gasification. A generalized, coal devolatilization submodel, FG-DFC, is an important part of the model. Shell progressive or ash segregation, shrinking core char submodel describes oxidation and gasification. Turbulence is not treated formally in the slowly moving bed with low gas velocity, but is included implicitly through model correlations such as the effective heat transfer coefficient. A split, back-and-forth iteration and a Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, LSODE, are used to solve a highly non-linear, stiff system of differential governing equations. Model formulation and solution method are presented, along with user and implementation guides and a sample problem.
1992
Comprehensive Fixed-Bed Modeling, Review, Development, Evaluation, and Implementation
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
21st, 22nd, and 23rd Quarterly Reports for the US Department of Energy, 1992. Funded by US Department of Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal, a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. This program is merging significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation is being implemented and the technology was expanded to fixed-bed reactors. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model has been integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor mode, PCGC-2, which is a widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: 1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, 2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and 3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a "workstation" environment.
1991
Measurements and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes: Fixed-Bed Coal Gasification Modeling
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
Contractors Review Meeting, Morgantown, WV, August 1991. Funded by Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is to understand the chemical and physical mechanisms in coal conversion processes and incorporate this knowledge in computer-aided reactor engineering technology for the purposes of development, evaluation, design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. To accomplish this objective, the study will: establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, evaluate these models, and apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines.
Measurement and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes
Solomon, P.R.; Hamblen, D.G.; Serio, M.A.; Smoot, L.D. and Brewster, B.S.
5th Annual Report for the US Department of Energy, 1991. Funded by Morgantown Energy Technology Center.
The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. This program will merge significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation will be implemented and the technology will be expanded to fixed-bed reactors.
The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: i) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, ii) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and iii) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a "workstation" environment. Success in this program will be a major step in improving the predictive capabilities for coal conversion processes including: demonstrated accuracy and reliability and a generalized "first principles" treatment of coals based on readily obtained composition data. The progress during the fifth year of the program is summarized in the document.